By Adara Oluwafunmilayo

One of the most deadly diseases that has plagued the human species is the highly transmissible Hepatitis B infection. In accordance to the renowned World Health Organization (WHO), it was estimated that over 250 million people were infected with chronic hepatitis B virus in 2022, which aggravated significantly into high mortality rates of 1.1 million, primarily due to the concurrent complications of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer).

Meanwhile, there is a discovery of 1.2 million new cases each year. The gross rampage of this virus has adversely contributed to a progressive decline in economic power, as many infected persons are currently grappling with deteriorating health due to the effect of the invading pathogen; by this inference, a number of persons are usually hospitalized or chronically ill. As a result, many are rendered handicapped and unable to perform the normal daily activities at workplaces.

What is Hepatitis B?

Basically, hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. The liver, which is characterized as a vital organ in the body regulates various metabolic processes as well as synthesizes essentially required substances such as immune factors, enzymes, and bile necessary for life. When the liver then becomes impaired, it alters an array of functions in the human body.

Categorically, the pathogenicity of Hepatitis B may be acute (short and severe) or chronic (long term). The early stage of Hepatitis B infection is referred to as Acute. In this case, the virus is currently integrating into the host physiological systems without exhibiting overt pathogenicity. Acute infection is relatively symptomless and spans up to 6 months. An untreated acute hepatitis infection will lead to Chronic Hepatitis B. In cases of acute hepatitis B, prompt medical intervention can facilitate viral clearance from the bloodstream in immunocompetent individuals. However, the chronic type of hepatitis B poses substantially more life-threatening conditions. For instance, Liver Cirrhosis, which occurs by the scarring of liver tissue, is seen over time, alongside liver cancer. The periodic occurrence of Chronic Hepatitis B infection is majorly attributed from an individual’s negligence and infrequent medical check-ups. Chronic Hepatitis B infection develops when the hepatitis B virus (HBV) persists in the body, leading to liver inflammation and fibrosis.

Mode of Transmission

Hepatitis B Virus can be spread through contact with infected body fluids such as blood, saliva, vaginal fluids, and semen. It can also be passed from a mother to a baby at birth (perinatal transmission). In light of this, the similar routes of transmission with Hiv patients have made them predisposed to Hepatitis B, hence, people living with Hiv/Aids (PLWHA) are also placed on Hepatitis drugs administration such as Tenofovair. Generally, Hepatitis B infection is more prevalent in adults than in children; this is due to the policy of strengthening and prioritizing infant and childhood vaccination.

SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS B

The symptoms of Hepatitis B may resemble other systemic diseases; this is why it is imperative that a regular visit to the doctor should be enforced to decipher exact medical diagnosis. Through a very detailed clinical investigation and laboratory screening, a specialist can ascertain a prognosis of the diseases. Some of these symptoms include jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes), dark urine, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain in the abdomen and joints, etc. In worst-case scenarios, liver failure can occur, leading to death.

PREVENTION/CONTROL

Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable infection. For this reason the ultimate way to prevent hepatitis B is to get vaccinated. Research has shown that the vaccine is most suitable for all infants, children, adults up to age 59, and adults 60 and older associated with risk factors. It is paramount that all newborn babies receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth (within 24 hours). This is followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 1-2 months of age and finally 6-18 months of age. The essence of this vaccination is to foster long-term immunity. Remarkably, the vaccine has been proven to be safe and effective for almost everyone, and it protects against hepatitis B for at least 20 years. Apart from vaccination, there are other reliable ways of preventing the disease. They include:

1. Engaging in safe sexual practices through condom use and partner limitation.

2. Refraining from sharing injection equipment, piercing tools or tattooing devices.

3. Implementing hand hygiene protocols following exposure to blood, bodily fluids or contaminated surfaces.

4. Have a regular hepatitis B test done if you work in a healthcare setting.

CONTROL/TREATMENT

Despite efforts of visionary medical experts, a potent therapeutic cure to halt viral replication remains elusive. Nonetheless, a number of measures have been put in place by various health professionals to ameliorate the condition of anyone living with the Hepatitis B Virus. To combat Hepatitis B, we need vaccines, safe habits and awareness. Goverments should extend vaccine coverage to rural areas. Healthcare personnel should practice safe blood transfusion through usage of sterilised objects and rigorous screening. Safe sex practices with condom should be adhered and intended couples should get proper HBV screening done before marriage. Moreover, there should be a routinely done public health campaigns in public spaces such as schools, communities, marketplaces, workplaces and media in orded to educate about HBV transmission, symptoms, and preventive methods.

As aforementioned, Acute Hepatitis B can be better cured if detected early enough. One of the foremost medicines given is the injection with Hepatitis B Immune globulin(HBIG). Other viable remedies for acute hepatitis B includes making the person comfortable, accompanied with eating a healthy diet and drinking plenty of liquids to prevent dehydration from vomiting and diarrhea.

As much as there is no permanent cure for chronic hepatitis B, it can, however, be managed efficaciously with medicines. These medicines prolong the longevity of life for the person. Chronic hepatitis B infection can be treated with oral medicines, including tenofovir or entecavir. Treatment will significantly mitigate the onset of cirrhosis and reduce cases of liver cancer, thereby improving long-term survival. Although most people who start hepatitis B treatment must continue it for life.

In conclusion, it is important to note that the prevention and control of Hepatitis B Virus(HBV) challenges us as individuals to take the initiative of prioritising health by encouraging vaccination, screening and employing safety aids. It requires both government and individual to demonstrate interest in a bid to assuage the effect of HBV in the society. Be involved.

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